ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
پیشبینی آسیبهای مچ پا و زانو بهوسیلۀ آزمون تعادل ایستا
با گسترش ورزش، آسیبهای ورزشی نیز افرایش یافته است. مطالعات نشان دادهاند که یکی از عوامل خطرزا در آسیبهای اندام تحتانی، ضعف تعادل است؛ لذا، هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، پیشبینی آسیبهای مچ پا و زانو بهوسیلۀ آزمون تعادل ایستا بود. جهت انجام پژوهش، 501 ورزشکار حرفهای زن و مرد بهصورت نمونۀ دردسترس موردبررسی قرار گرفتند. پیش از شروع فصل ورزشی، آزمون تعادل تکپا از آزمودنیها اخذ گردید و در انتهای فصل نیز گزارش آسیبهای اندام تحتانی از پزشک تیم دریافت شد. براساس نتایج آزمونهای تحلیلی خیدو و تحلیل تشخیص مشاهده میشود که بین تعادل ورزشکاران و آسیبهای اندام تحتانی ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. نتایج بیانگر این هستند که آزمون تعادل تکپا میتواند بهعنوان یک آزمون پیشبینیکننده در آسیبهای اندام تحتانی مورداستفاده قرار گیرد.
https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_897_41cf8dc30a8492788a980a0cc30238a1.pdf
2017-01-20
17
36
10.22089/smj.2017.897
آزمون تعادل تکپا
آسیب مچ پا
آسیب زانو
پیشبینی آسیب
خلیل
خیام باشی
navid.ghoddosi@gmail.com
1
استاد تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزش دانشگاه اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
نوید
قدوسی
dr.khayam@yahoo.com
2
کارشناس ارشد آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه اصفهان
AUTHOR
علیرضا
فلاح
bluematiza33@yahoo.com
3
کارشناس ارشد آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه اصفهان
AUTHOR
1. Soderman K, Werner S, Pietila T, Engström B, Alfredson H. Balance board training: Prevention of traumatic injuries of the lower extremities in female soccer players. Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthrose. 2000; 8(6): 356-63.
1
2. Steele V A, White J A. Injury prediction in female gymnasts. Brit J Sports Med. 1986; 20(1): 31.
2
3. Plisky P, Rauh J, Kaminski W, Underwood FB. Star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy. 2006; 36(12): 911-9.
3
4. Tropp H, Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. Stabilometry in functional instability of the ankle and its value in predicting injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984; 16(1): 64-6.
4
5. Watson A W. Ankle sprains in players of the field-games Gaelic football and hurling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009; 39(1): 66-70.
5
6. Bloomfield J, fricker B, Fitch K D. Science and medicine in sport. Hosein Nia S. 2nd ed. Gilan: University of Gilan; 1995. P. 61-2. (In Persian).
6
7. Hung-Maan L, Cheng-Kung C, Jiann-Jong L. Correlation between proprioception, muscle strength, knee laxity, and dynamic standing balance in patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Knee. 2009 Oct;16(5):387-91
7
8. Engebretsen A H, Myklebust G T, Akkerhaugen H T, Diseth H E, Holme I, Engebretsen L, et al. Can simple balance tests, injury history or FAOS ankle function score predict which players are more prone to sustain a new ankle injury? Br J Sports Med. 2005; 39(6): 373–408.
8
9. Moul L J. Differences in selected predictors of anterior cruciate ligament tears between male and female NCAA division I collegiate basketball players. Journal of Athletic Training. 1998; 33(2): 118-21.
9
10. Backous D, Friedl K, Smith N, Parr TJ, Carpine WD Jr. Soccer injuries and their relation to physical maturity. Am J Dis Child. 1984; 142(8): 839-42.
10
11. Beynnon B D, Renstrom P A, Alosa D M, Baumhauer JF, Vacek PM. Ankle ligament injury risk factors: A prospective study of college athletes. J Orthop Res. 2001; 19(2): 213–20.
11
12. McGuine T A, Greene J J, Best T, Leverson G. Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players. Clin J Sport Med. 2000; 10(4): 239-44.
12
13. Noronha M D, Refshauge K M, Herbert R D, Kilbreath S L. Do voluntary strength, proprioception, range of motion, or postural sway predict occurrence of lateral ankle sprain. Br J Sports Med. 2006; 40(10): 824-8.
13
14- Ozmun J C, Thieme H A, Ingersoll C D, Knight K L. Cooling doesn't affect knee proprioception. J Athl Train. 1996; 31(1): 8-11.
14
15. Hrysomallis C, Goodman C. A review of resistance exercise and posture realignment. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2001; 15(3): 385–90.
15
16. Leanderson J, Eriksson E, Nilsson C, Wykman A. Proprioception in classical ballet dancers. A prospective study of the influence of an ankle sprain on. Am J Sports Med. 1996; 31(1): 8-11.
16
17. Quinn K, Parker P, de Bie R, Row B, Handoll H. Interventions for preventing ankle ligament injuries Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000018.
17
18. Bahr R, Engebretsen L. Sports injury prevention. Hand Book of Sports Medicine and Science. IOC Medical Commission Publication; 2009;84-98
18
19. Tropp H, Asking C, Gillquist J. Prevention of ankle sprains. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985; 13(4): 259-62.
19
20. Sefton J M, Hicks-Little C A, Hubbard T J, Clemens M G, Yengo Ch M, Koceja D M, et al. Sensorimotor function as a predictor of chronic ankle instability. Clinical Biomechanics. 2009; 24(5): 451–8.
20
21. Trojan T, Mckeag D. Single leg balance test to identify risk of ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;40(7):610-3; discussion 613. Epub 2006 May 10.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مقایسۀ سفتی اندام تحتانی و حداکثر نیروی عکسالعمل عمودی زمین طی حرکت روی سطوح الاستیک پهن با سفتیهای مختلف با تأکید بر آگاهی از میزان سفتی
هدف از این پژوهش، مقایسۀ سفتی اندام تحتانی و حداکثر نیروی عکسالعمل عمودی زمین طی حرکت روی سطوح الاستیک پهن با تأکید بر آگاهی از میزان سفتی بود. بدینمنظور، سفتی اندام تحتانی و نیروی عکسالعمل زمین 30 مرد جوان در تکالیف هاپینگ و فرود از سکو روی پنج سطح با سفتی 200 تا 500 کیلونیوتن بر متر مورداندازهگیری قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمون آنالیز واریانس نشان میدهد که بین سفتی اندام در سطوح مختلف و نیز قبل و بعد از آشنایی با سطح، تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. با توجه به یافتههای این پژوهش مشخص میشود که انسان برخلاف اجسام، هنگام برخورد با سطحی جدید، خود را با آن منطبق میکند تا از این طریق و بسته به تکلیف موردنظر، دینامیک طبیعی مرکز جرم و بازده حرکت حفظ شده و نیروها تعدیل گردند.
https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_879_f4f86512d828fb55730307e405675e98.pdf
2017-01-20
37
52
10.22089/smj.2017.879
سفتی اندام
سطح الاستیک پهن
نیروی عکسالعمل زمین
هاپینگ
فرود از پرش
سید عباس
فرجاد پزشک
ehsan.farjad.pezeshk@gmail.com
1
دکتری بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران
AUTHOR
حیدر
صادقی
sadeghih@yahoo.com
2
استاد بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران
AUTHOR
محمد
شریعت زاده جنیدی
shariatzade221@yahoo.com
3
استادیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی
LEAD_AUTHOR
زهرا
صفایی پور
safaee_21@yahoo.com
4
استادیار دانشکده ارتوپدی فنی دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی تهران
AUTHOR
1. Arampatzis A, Bru¨ggemann G P, Klapsing G. Leg stiffness and mechanical energetic processes during jumping on a sprung surface. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001; 33(6): 923–31.
1
2. Arampatzis A, Bru¨ggemann G P, Klapsing G M. A three-dimensional shank–foot model to determine the foot motion during landings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002; 34(1): 130–8.
2
3. Arampatzis A, Morey-Klapsing G, Bru¨ ggemann G P. The effect of falling height on muscle activity and foot motion during landings. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2003; 13(6): 533–44.
3
4. Arampatzis A, Schade F, Bru¨ggemann G P. Effect of the pole–human body interaction on pole vaulting performance. Journal of Biomechanics. 2004a; 37(9): 1353–60.
4
5. Arampatzis A, Stafilidis S, Morey-Klapsing G, Bru¨ggemann G P. Interaction of the human body and surfaces of different stiffness during drop jumps. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004a; 36(3): 451–9.
5
6. Biewener A A. Scaling body support in mammals: Limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science. 1989; 245(4913): 45–48.
6
7. Biewener A A. Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion. Science. 1990; 250(4984): 1097–1103.
7
8. Bohm H, Cole G K, Bru¨ ggemann G P, Ruder H. Contribution of muscle series elasticity to maximumperformance in drop jumping. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2006; 22(1): 3–13.
8
9. Bosco C, Saggini R, Viru A. The influence of different floor stiffness on mechanical efficiency of leg extensor muscle. Ergonomics. 1997; 40(6): 670–9.
9
10. Ferris D P, Liang K, Farley C T. Runners adjust leg stiffness for their first step on a new running surface. Journal of Biomechanics. 1999; 32(8): 787–94.
10
11. Ferris D P, Louie M, Farley C T. Running in the real world: Adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences. 1998; 265(1400): 989–94.
11
12. McMahon T A, Greene P R. The infuence of track compliance on running. Journal of Biomechanics. 1979; 12(12): 893–904.
12
13. Moritz C T, Farley C T. Human hopping on very soft elastic surfaces: Implications for muscle pre-stretch and elastic energy storage in locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005; 208(5): 939–49.
13
14. Hardin E C, van den Bogert A J, Hamill J. Kinematic adaptations during running: Effects of footwear, surface, and duration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004; 36(5): 838–44.
14
15. Hof A L, van Zandwijk J P, Bobbert M F. Mechanics of human triceps surae muscle in walking, running and jumping. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 2002; 174(1): 17–30.
15
16. Hunter J P, Marshall R N, McNair P J. Segmentinteraction analysis of the stance limb in sprint running. Journal of Biomechanics. 2004; 37(9): 1439–46.
16
17. Hunter J P, Marshall R N, McNair P J. Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2005; 21(1): 31–43.
17
18. Kerdok A E, Biewener A A, McMahon T A, Weyand P G, Herr H M. Energetics andmechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002; 92(2): 469–78.
18
19. Klepp H, Lehmann T. Technische mechanik, band II: Kinematik und kinetik, schwingungen, stossvorgaenge. Heidelberg: Huething Verlag; 1987. P. 355–61.
19
20. Stafilidis S, Arampatzis A, Morey-Klapsing G, Bru¨ggemann G P. Interaction of the human body and surfaces of different stiffness during drop jumps. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004b; 36(3): 451–9.
20
21. Baltich J, Maurer K, Nigg B M. Increased vertical impact forces and altered running mechanics with softer midsole shoes. Journal of Plos One. 2015; 10(4): 1-11.
21
22. Ferris D P, Farley C T. Interaction of leg stiffness and surfaces stiffness during human hopping. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1997; 82(1): 15–22.
22
23. Farley C T, Houdijk H H, Van Strien C, Louie M. Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998; 85(3): 1044–55.
23
24. Lichtwark G A, Wilson A M. In vivo mechanical properties of the human achilles tendon during one-legged hopping. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005; 208(204): 4715–25.
24
25. Marquez G J, Rome L C. Built for jumping: The design of the frog muscular system. Science. 1994; 263: 370–72.
25
26. MacLellan M J, Patla A E. Adaptations of walking pattern on a compliant surface to regulate dynamic stability. Experimental Brain Research. 2006; 173(3): 521–30.
26
27. Nigg B M, Yeadon M R, Herzog W. The influence of construction strategies of sprung surfaces on deformation during vertical jumps. Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1988; 20(4): 396-405.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مقایسۀ میزان و نسبت قدرت ایزومتریک عضلات مچ پا در افراد دارای کف پای صاف، گود و طبیعی
هدف از پژوهش حاضر، مقایسۀ میزان و نسبت قدرت ایزومتریک عضلات مچ پا در افراد دارای کف پای صاف، گود و طبیعی بود. بدینمنظور، 450 دانشآموز پسر با دستگاه پدوسکوپ، اسکنر کف پا و شاخص استاهلی ارزیابی گردیدند که از میان آنها، 90 نفر انتخاب شدند و در سه گروه 30 نفری کف پای صاف منعطف، گود و طبیعی قرار گرفتند. قدرت ایزومتریک نیز با استفاده از دستگاه دینامتر دیجیتال اندازگیری گردید. نتایج نشان میدهد که میانگین قدرت اینورتورها در گروه پای صاف، کمتر از گروههای پای گود و طبیعی است. در گروه پای صاف نیز میانگین قدرت دورسی فلکسورها، کمتر بوده و نسبت قدرت عضلات اورتور به اینورتور، بیشتر از گروه پای گود میباشد. علاوهبراین، یافتهها حاکی از ضعف اینورتورها، دورسی فلکسورها و اینورتورها نسبت به اورتورها در گروه پای صاف میباشد؛ بنابراین، توصیه میشود در اصلاح ناهنجاری کف پای صاف منعطف، بر تقویت اینورتورها و دورسی فلکسورها تأکید شود.
https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_898_dacc81fadeeaf328e52e85784890bc36.pdf
2017-01-20
53
72
10.22089/smj.2017.898
قدرت ایزومتریک
مچ پا
کف پای صاف
کف پای گود
مهدی
قادریان
mehdighaderiyan67@gmail.com
1
دانشجوی دکتری آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه اصفهان
AUTHOR
غلامعلی
قاسمی
gh.ghasemi@yahoo.com
2
دانشیار آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Daneshmandi H, Afsharnezhad T, Hosseini S. The effect of unilateral resistance training and detraining on neural adaptations of contralateral untrained limb. Olympic. 2006; 14(3): 47- 60. (In Persian).
1
2. Javdaneh N, Mozafaripour E, Javdaneh N, Pourmahmodyan P. Isometric strength of lower extremity muscles in athletes with hyperpronated foot. Physical Treatments. 2014; 4(2): 32-7.
2
3. Rajabi R, Samadi H. Corrective exercise laboratory guidline. 1st ed. Tehran: Tehran University Publication Institute; 2008. P. 144-5. (In Persian).
3
4. Kashef M, Shalchi F. Measurement and evaluation in physical education. 1st ed. Tehran: Faratahlil Publication; 2005. P. 68-102. (In Persian).
4
5. O'Sullivan K, O'Ceallaigh B, O'Connell K, Shafat A. The relationship between previous hamstring injury and the concentric isokinetic knee muscle strength of Irish Gaelic footballers. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008; 9(1): 1-8.
5
6. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Holme I, Bahr R. Exercises to prevent lower limb injuries in youth sports: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2005; 330 (7489):330-449.
6
7. Nazari M H, Jamashidi A, Peeri M, Sadeghi R, Mahmudi F. Assessment of muscle strength imbalance of ankle, knee and hip joints as one of important biomechanical factors in predicting of extremity lower sport injuries among elite young athletes. Olympic. 2013; 20(4): 99 -113. (In Persian).
7
8. Shoja A S, Sadeghi H, Torkamaani H. The effect of six weeks’ strength training on eversion to inversion ratios in soccer players with chronic ankle instability. J Mov Sci Sports. 2008; 5(10): 39-47. (In Persian).
8
9. Arshadi R, Rajabi R, Alizadeh M H, Vakili J. Correlation between back extensor strength and spine flexibility with degree of kyphosis and lordosis. Olympic. 2009; 17(2): 127-36. (In Persian).
9
10. Abdoli B, Teymoori M, Zamani Sani SH, Zeraatkar M, Hovanloo F. Relationship between Plantar longitudinal arches and some selected motor parameters in children aging 11 to 14 years. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2011; 7(3): 381-90. (In Persian).
10
11. Jonkers I, Peeters K, Walraevens J, Van der Perre G, Dereymaeker G, Vander Sloten J. et al. Effect of external loading on in vitro measured muscle induced calcanear and talar motion. J Foot Ankle Res. 2008; 1(1): 1-2.
11
12. Magee D J. Orthopedic physical assessment. 7th ed. United States of America. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. P. 844-8.
12
13. Daneshmandi H, Alizade M H, Gharakhanlou R. Corrective exercises. 1st ed. Tehran: SAMT Publication; 2007. P. 111-12. (In Persian).
13
14. Sadeghi E, Azadinia F. Incidence of flat foot deformity among 7-14-year-old students in Isfahan. J Med Council Iran. 2011; 29(2): 142-9. (In Persian).
14
15. Alizade M H, Gheitasi M. Fundamental concepts of corrective excercises. 1st ed. Tehran: Sport Science Research Institute of Iran Publication; 2011. P. 70-1. (In Persian).
15
16. Letafatkar A, Zandi S, Khodaei M, Belali Voshmesara J, Mazidi M. Relationship between flat foot deformity, Q angle and knee pain. J Res Rehabil Sci. 2012; 1(1): 170-9. (In Persian).
16
17. Emami M J, Emami S, Hosseini M. Prevalence of flexible flat foot in male children. J Med Res. 2005; 3(4): 59-66. (In Persian).
17
18. Burns J, Redmond A, Ouvrier R, Crosbie J. Quantification of muscle strength and imbalance in neurogenic pes cavus, compared to health controls, using hand-held dynamometry. Foot Ankle Int. 2005; 26(7): 540-4.
18
19. Mann R A, Missirian J. Pathophysiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Clin Orthop Relat R. 1988; 1(234): 221-8.
19
20. Sokhanguei Y, Afsharmand Z. Corrective exercise. 2nd ed. Tehran: Hatmi Publication; 2012. P. 365-83. (In Persian).
20
21. Allen R H, Gross M T. Toe flexors strength and passive extension range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in individuals with plantar fasciitis. J Orthop Sport Phys. 2003; 33(8): 468-78.
21
22. Letafatkar A, Daneshmandi H, Hadadnezhad M, Adolvahabi Z. Advanced corrective exercises from theory to application. 1st ed. Tehran: Avaye Zohor Publication; 2010. P. 210-40. (Persian).
22
23. Aydog S T, Özçakar L, Tetik O, Demirel H A, Hascelik Z, Doral M N. Relation between foot arch index and ankle strength in elite gymnasts: A preliminary study. Brit J Sport Med. 2005; 39(3): 1-3.
23
24. Lizis P, Posadzki P, Smith T. Relationship between explosive muscle strength and medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Foot Ankle Int. 2010; 31(9): 815-22.
24
25. Arastoee M., Zahednezhad S H, Arastoee A, Negahban H, Goharpay S H. Measurement of ground reaction forces during walking toward the front and rear of the students with flexible flat foot. J Mod Rehabil Sch Med Sci. 2012; 1(5): 1-7.
25
26. Gutiérrez-Vilahú L, Massó-Ortigosa N, Costa-Tutusaus L, Guerra-Balic M. Reliability and validity of the footprint assessment method using photoshop CS5 Software. J Am Podiat Med Assn. 2015; 105(3): 226-32.
26
27. Rajabi R, Samadi H. Corrective exercise laboratory. 2en ed. Tehran: University of Tehran Press; 2013. P. 237-8. (In Persian).
27
28. Onodera A N, Sacco I C, Morioka E H, Souza P S, de Sa M R, Amadio A C. What is the best method for child longitudinal plantar arch assessment and when does arch maturation occur? Foot. 2008; 18(3): 142-9.
28
29. Chang J S, Kwon Y H, Kim C S, Ahn SH, Park SH. Differences of ground reaction forces and kinematics of lower extremity according to landing height between flat and normal feet. J Back Musculoskelet. 2011; 25(1): 21-6.
29
30. Arnold CM, Warkentin KD, Chilibeck PD, Magnus CR. The reliability and validity of handheld dynamometry for the measurement of lower-extremity muscle strength in older adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010 ;24(3):815-24.
30
31. Kendall, Florence Peterson, Elizabeth Kendall McCreary, Patricia Geise Provance, Mary McIntyre Rodgers, William Anthony Romani. Muscles: Testing and function with posture and pain; 5th ed. United States of America. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005 P. 36-7.
31
32. Darbani M, Torkaman G, Movassaghe S, Bayat N. Comparison of the hip, ankle and back extensor muscle strength and its correlation with functional balance in healthy and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Mod Rehabil. 2015; 9(1): 40-52. (In Persian).
32
33. Robinson R L, Nee R J. Analysis of hip strength in females seeking physical therapy treatment for unilateral patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sport Phys. 2007; 37(5): 232-8.
33
34. McGuigan M R, Winchester J B, Erickson T. The importance of isometric maximum strength in college wrestlers. J Sports Sci Med. 2006; 5(CSSI 1): 108-13.
34
35. Nafarzadeh P, Rajabi R, Seydi F. Comparison of eccentric and concentric strength ratio of evertors to invertor muscles in dominant and non-dominant limbs of non-athletic healthy subjects. J Res Sport Rehabil. 2014; 1(2): 11–7. (In Persian).
35
36. Cael C. Functional anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists.1th ed. United States of America. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2011. P. 402-10.
36
37. Headlee D L, Leonard J L, Hart J M, Ingersoll C D, Hertel J. Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop. J Electromyogr Kines. 2008; 18(3): 420-5.
37
38. Sahrmann S. Movement system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spines. 1th ed. United States of America. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010. P. 439-80.
38
39. Neumann D A. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: Foundations for rehabilitation. St Louis, MO: Mosby. 2th ed. United States of America. Elsevier; 2010. P. 477-521.
39
40. Kaminski T W, Buckley B D, Powers M E, Hubbard T J, Ortiz C. Effect of strength and proprioception training on eversion to inversion strength ratios in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability. Brit J Sports Med. 2003; 37(5): 410-5.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
بررسی ارتباط بین قدرت عضلات اندام تحتانی و تعادل عملکردی در کودکان فلج مغزی اسپاستیک
صدمه به مغز درحالرشد افراد فلج مغزی، منجر به نقص در تعادل و قدرت عضلانی میشود و مشکلاتی را در انجام فعالیتهای زندگی روزمره و راهرفتن بهوجود میآورد و سبب افتادن میشود. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی ارتباط بین قدرت عضلات اندام تحتانی و تعادل عملکردی کودکان فلج مغزی اسپاستیک میباشد. بدینمنظور، 54 کودک فلج مغزی پسر 6 تا 12 ساله که طبق کلاسبندی عملکرد حرکتی درشت در کلاسهای یک تا سه قرار داشتند، انتخاب شدند. نتایج نشان میدهد که بین قدرت عضلات اندام تحتانی و تعادل عملکردی، رابطۀ معناداری وجود ندارد؛ بنابراین، این دو عامل مستقل از یکدیگر هستند و تمرینات میبایست بهصورت مکمل و درجهت بهبود کارایی در انجام فعالیتهای روزمره و جلوگیری از افتادن مورداستفاده قرار گیرند.
https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_857_242390456b5109fa7ed577fd823bf201.pdf
2017-01-20
73
88
10.22089/smj.2017.857
قدرت عضلات اندام تحتانی
تعادل عملکردی
کودکان فلج مغزی اسپاستیک
سیستم کلاسبندی عملکرد حرکتی درشت
لیلا
یوزباشی
leilayouzbashi@ut.ac.ir
1
دانشجوی دکتری آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه تهران
LEAD_AUTHOR
محمد حسین
علیزاده
mhalizadeh47@yahoo.com
2
استاد آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه تهران
AUTHOR
انوشیروان
کاظم نژاد
kazem_an@modares.ac.ir
3
استاد آمار زیستی دانشگاه تربیتمدرس
AUTHOR
سیروس
چوبینه
choobineh@ut.ac.ir
4
دانشیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی دانشگاه تهران
AUTHOR
1. Wiley M, Damiano D. Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998; 40: 100–7.
1
2. Eek M, Tranberg R, Beckung E. Muscle strength and kinetic gait pattern in children with bilateral spastic CP. Gait Posture. 2011; 33: 333–7.
2
3. de Groot S, Dallmeijer A J, Bessems P J, Lamberts M L, van der Woude L H, Janssen T W. Comparison of muscle strength, sprint power and aerobic capacity in adults with and without cerebral palsy. J Rehabil Med. 2012; 44(11): 932-8.
3
4. Carlberg E B, Hadders-Algra M. Postural dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy: Some implications for therapeutic guidance. Neural Plast. 2005; 12(2-3): 221–8.
4
5. Burtner P A, Woollacott M, Craft G, Roncesvalles M. The capacity to adapt to changing balance threats: A comparison of children with cerebral palsy and typically developing children. Dev Neurorehabil. 2007; 10(3): 249–60.
5
6. Prosser L A, Lee S C K, VanSant A F, Barbe M F, Lauer R T. Trunk and hip muscle activation patterns are different during walking in young children with and without cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2010; 90(7): 986–97.
6
7. Kembhavi G, Darrah J, Magill-Evans J, Loomis J. Using the berg balance scale to distinguish balance abilities in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2002; 14(2): 92-9.
7
8. Woollacott M H, Burtner P A, Jensen J L, Jasiewicz J, Roncesvalles N, Sveistrup H. Development of postural responses during standing in healthy children and children with spastic diplegia. Neurosci Biobehav R. 1998; 22(4): 583–9.
8
9. Miranda P, Lomarev M, Hallett M. Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006; 117: 1623–9.
9
10. McGinley J L, Pogrebnoy D, Morgan P. Mobility in ambulant adults with Cerebral Palsy challenges for the future. In E. Svraka (Ed,), Cerebral Palsy - Challenges for the Future.Intechopen.com; 2014. p. 75-96.
10
11. Morton J F, Brownlee M, McFadyen A K. The effects of progressive resistance training for children with cerebral palsy. Clin Rehabil. 2005; 19(3): 283-9.
11
12. Katz-Leurer M, Rotem H, Keren O, Meyer S. The effects of a "home-based" task-oriented exercise programme on motor and balance performance in children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy and severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(8):714-24.
12
13. Kurz M J, Corr B, Stuberg W, Volkman K G, Smith N. Evaluation of lower body positive pressure supported treadmill training for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2011; 23(3): 232-9.
13
14. Connor M, Moulton S, Lobb B M, Peterson A L. The relationship between strength and balance in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. J Neurol Disord. 2015; 3:239.
14
15. Wolfson L, Judge J, Whipple R, King M. Strength is a major factor in balance, gait, and the occurrence of falls. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995; 50: 64-7.
15
16. Granacher U, Gollhofer A. Is there an association between variables of postural control and strength in prepubertal children? J Strength Cond Res. 2012; 26(1): 210-6.
16
17. Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Relationship between measures of balance and strength in middle-aged adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2012; 26: 2401-7.
17
18. Dewar R, Love S, Johnston L. Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with Cerebral Palsy: A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014; 57(6): 504-20.
18
19. Plasiano R, Rosenbaum P, Waller S, Russel D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system, to classiffy gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997; 39: 214-23.
19
20. Rethlefsen S A, Ryan D D, Kay R M. Classification systems in cerebral palsy. Orthop Clin N Am. 2010; 41: 457–67.
20
21. Rosenbaum P L, Palisano R J, Bartlett D J, Galuppi B E, Russell D J. Development of the gross motor function classification system for Cerebral Palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008; 50(4): 249-53.
21
22. McCormick A, Brien M, Plourde J, Wood E, Rosenbaum P, McLean J. Stability of the gross motor function classification system in adults with Cerebral Palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007; 49(4): 265-9.
22
23. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, Livingston M. Content validity of the expanded and revised gross motor function classification system. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008; 50(10): 744-50.
23
24. Silva D B, Pfeifer L I, Funayama C A. Gross motor function classification system expanded & revised (GMFCS E & R): Reliability between therapists and parents in Brazil. Braz J Phys Ther. 2013; 17(5): 458-63.
24
25. Willemse L, Brehm M A, Scholtes V A, Jansen L, Woudenberg-Vos H, Dallmeijer A J. Reliability of isometric lower-extremity muscle strength measurements in children with cerebral palsy: Implications for measurement design. Phys Ther. 2013; 93(7): 935-41.
25
26. Franjoine M R, Gunther J S, Taylor M J. Pediatric balance scale: A modified version of the berg balance scale for the school-age child with mild to moderate motor impairment. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2003; 15(2): 114-28.
26
27. Granacher U, Gollhofer A. Is there an association between variables of postural control and strength in adolescents? J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(6): 1718-25.
27
28. McCurdy K, Langford G. The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. J Sport Sci Med. 2006; 5(2): 282-8.
28
29. Granacher U, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Force production capacity and functional reflex activity in young and elderly men. Aging -Clin Exp Res. 2010; 22(5-6): 374-82.
29
30. Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Associations between measures of balance and lower-extremity muscle strength/ power in healthy individuals across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015; 45(12): 1671-92.
30
31. Jafarnezhadgero H, Norasteh A A. Evaluation of relationship between hip, knee and trunk extensor muscles strength with balance in boys aged from 13-15 years. Studies in Sport Medicine. 2014; 14(5): 109-20. (In Persian).
31
32. Ebrahimi Atri A, Sarvari F, Saeedi M, Sokhangu M K. Relationship between lower extremity muscle strength and dynamic balance in women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2013; 9(1): 20-7. (In Persian).
32
33. Akbari A, Karimi H, Ghobae M. The relationship between lower extremity muscle strength and functional abilities in patients with hemiparesis. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 10(1): 40-8. (In Persian).
33
34. Geiger R A, Allen J B, O'Keefe J, Hicks R R. Balance and mobility following stroke: Effects of physical therapy interventions with and without biofeedback/ forceplate training. Physi Ther. 2001; 81(4): 995-1005.
34
35. Shumway-Cook A W M. Normal postural control in motor control; Translating research into clinical practice. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilki; 2012; 157-86.
35
36. Sharif-Moradi K, Farah-Pour N. Comparison of the balance performance of the children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy before and after exercise therapy program. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2006; 7(1): 22-8. (In Persian).
36
37. Kuczynski M. Task related changes in biomechanical properties of ankle joint during standing. IN: Lornecki, S. XI IBS Seminar; 1999, 10:154-160.
37
38. Duarte N D A C, Collange Grecco L A, Franco R C, Zanon N, Oliveira C S. Correlation between pediatric balance scale and functional test in children with Cerebral Palsy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014; 26(6): 849–53.
38
39. Goulding A, Jones I, Taylor R, Piggot J, Taylor D. Dynamic and static tests of balance and postural sway in boys: Effects of previous wrist bone fractures and high adiposity. Gait Posture. 2003; 17(2): 136-41.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
مقایسۀ تأثیر 10 هفته تمرینات اصلاحی مرسوم و تمرینات اصلاحی با دستگاه ویبریشن تمام بدن بر سندرم متقاطع فوقانی
هدف از پژوهش حاضر، مقایسۀ تأثیر تمرینات اصلاحی با دستگاه ویبریشن تمام بدن با تمرینات مرسوم اصلاحی بر سندرم متقاطع فوقانی بود. بدینمنظور، 45 نفر از دانشجویان به سه گروه مساوی 15 نفری تمرین اصلاحی مرسوم، تمرین اصلاحی روی دستگاه ویبریشن تمام بدن و کنترل تقسیم شدند. زاویۀ قوس پشتی (بهوسیلۀ خطکش منعطف)، زاویۀ سر و شانۀ جلوآمده (بهوسیلۀ روش عکسبرداری از نمای جانبی) قبل و بعد از دورۀ تمرینی اندازهگیری شد.نتایج نشان میدهد که تغییر معناداری در نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازهگیری مکرر درونگروهی و بین گروهی در میزان ناهنجاری سندرم متقاطع فوقانی وجود دارد. همچنین، یافتهها بیانگر آن هستند که تمرین اصلاحی روی دستگاه ویبریشن تمام بدن، تأثیر بیشتری از تمرینات مرسوم اصلاحی بر ناهنجاری سندرم متقاطع فوقانی داشته است. تمرینات مرسوم نیز دارای تأثیر معناداری در اصلاح ناهنجاری میباشند.
https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_900_20ef3a69fbe79204b2d3ac8455675535.pdf
2017-01-20
89
106
10.22089/smj.2017.900
سندرم متقاطع فوقانی
هایپرکایفوزیس
سر به جلو
شانه جلوآمده
ویبریشن
سیدمحمد
حسینی
moh_hosseini@sbu.ac.ir
1
دانشجوی دکتری آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه اصفهان
AUTHOR
نادر
رهنما
rahnamanader@yahoo.com
2
استاد آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه اصفهان
LEAD_AUTHOR
امیر حسین
براتی
ahbarati20@gmail.com
3
دانشیار آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
AUTHOR
1. Page P, Frank C, Lardner R. Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda approach. Human Kinetics; 1 ed. 2010. P.28.
1
2. Peterson-Kendall F, Kendall-McCreary E, Geise-Provance P, McIntyre-Rodgers M, Romani W A. Muscles testing and function with posture and pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 5 ed. 2005. P.20-30.
2
3. Bae W S, Lee H O, Shin J W, Lee K C. The effect of middle and lower trapezius strength exercises and levator scapulae and upper trapezius stretching exercises in upper crossed syndrome. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016; 28(5): 1636-9.
3
4. Clark M, Lucett S. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1 ed. 2010. P.17-36.
4
5. Seidi F. The comparison of a 10-week local and comprehensive corrective exercises programs effects on postural thoracic kyphosis deformity. (Doctoral dissertation). Tehran University; 2010. (In Persian).
5
6. Marín P J, Rhea M R. Effects of vibration training on muscle strength: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010; 24(2): 548-56.
6
7. Albasini A, Krause M, Rembitzki I V. Using whole body vibration in physical therapy and sport: Clinical practice and treatment exercises. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1 ed. 2010. P.15-70.
7
8. Lam T P, Ng B K, Cheung L W, Lee K M, Qin L, Cheng J C. Effect of whole body vibration (WBV) therapy on bone density and bone quality in osteopenic girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporosis International. 2013; 24(5): 1623-36.
8
9. Gómez-Cabello A, González-Agüero A, Ara I, Casajús J A, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Effects of a short-term whole body vibration intervention on lean mass in elderly people. Nutr Hosp. 2013; 28(4): 1255-8.
9
10. Hand J, Verscheure S, Osternig L. A comparison of whole-body vibration and resistance training on total work in the rotator cuff. Journal of Athletic Training. 2009; 44(5): 469.
10
11. Ritzmann R, Kramer A, Bernhardt S, Gollhofer A. Whole body vibration training-improving balance control and muscle endurance. PloS one. 2014; 9(2): e89905.
11
12. Lee T Y, Chow D H. Effects of whole body vibration on spinal proprioception in normal individuals. 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC); 2013 Jul 3. (Pp. 4989-4992). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers publication publication. Osaka, Japan.
12
13. Ferguson S L, Kim E, Seo D I, Bemben M G. Comparing the effects of 3 weeks of upper-body vibration training, vibration and stretching, and stretching alone on shoulder flexibility in college-aged men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2013; 27(12): 3329-34.
13
14. Fontana T L, Richardson C A, Stanton W R. The effect of weightbearing exercise with low frequency, whole body vibration on lumbosacral proprioception: A pilot study on normal subjects. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2005; 51(4): 259-63.
14
15. Osawa Y, Oguma Y. Effects of resistance training with whole‐body vibration on muscle fitness in untrained adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2013; 23(1): 84-95.
15
16. Hazell T J, Jakobi J M, Kenno K A. The effects of whole-body vibration on upper-and lower-body EMG during static and dynamic contractions. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2007; 32(6): 1156-63.
16
17. Lee S T, Moon J, Lee SH, Cho KH, Im SH, Kim M, et al. Changes in activation of serratus anterior, trapezius and latissimus dorsi with slouched posture. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016; 40(2): 318-25.
17
18. Thigpen C A, Padua D A, Michener L A, Guskiewicz K, Giuliani C, Keener J D, et al. Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2010; 20(4): 701-9.
18
19. Greendale G A, Nili N S, Huang M H, Seeger L, Karlamangla A S. The reliability and validity of three non-radiological measures of thoracic kyphosis and their relations to the standing radiological Cobb angle. Osteoporosis International. 2011; 22(6): 1897-905.
19
20. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey C L, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: A randomized, controlled 10-week trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2005; 13(3): 163-76.
20
21. Ruivo R M, Pezarat-Correia P, Carita A I. Intrarater and interrater reliability of photographic measurement of upper-body standing posture of adolescents. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2015; 38(1): 74-80.
21
22. Ruivo R M, Carita A I, Pezarat-Correia P. The effects of training and detraining after an 8 month resistance and stretching training program on forward head and protracted shoulder postures in adolescents: Randomised controlled study. Manual Therapy. 2016; 21 (1): 76-82.
22
23. Lynch S S, Thigpen C A, Mihalik J P, Prentice W E, Padua D. The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010; 44(5): 376-81.
23
24. Liebenson C. Rehabilitation of the spine: A practitioner's manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2 ed. 2007. P.40-3.
24
25. Vaughn D W. The effectiveness of a prescriptive therapeutic exercise program as an intervention for excessive thoracic kyphosis. University of Oregon: Kinesiology Publications; Ph. D- Thesis. 2005. P. 47-50.
25
26. Cardinale M, Pope M H. The effects of whole body vibration on humans: Dangerous or advantageous? Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 2003; 90(3): 195-206.
26
27. Cochrane D J, Loram I D, Stannard S R, Rittweger J. Changes in joint angle, muscle‐tendon complex length, muscle contractile tissue displacement, and modulation of EMG activity during acute whole‐body vibration. Muscle & Nerve. 2009; 40(3): 420-9.
27
28. Cardinale M A, Wakeling J. Whole body vibration exercise: Are vibrations good for you? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005; 39(9): 585-9.
28
29. Kalichman L, Bulanov N, Friedman A. Effect of exams period on prevalence of myofascial trigger points and head posture in undergraduate students: Repeated measurements study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2016. 21, 11-18
29
30. Necking L E, Lundborg G, Friden J. Hand muscle weakness in long-term vibration exposure. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European Volume). 2002; 27(6): 520-25.
30
31. Cardinale M, Bosco C. The use of vibration as an exercise intervention. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2003; 31(1): 3-7.
31
32. Arora N, Grenier S G. Acute effects of whole body vibration on directionality and reaction time latency of trunk muscles: The importance of rest and implications for spine stability. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2013; 23(2): 394-401.
32
33. Aminian-Far A, Hadian M R, Olyaei G, Talebian S, Bakhtiary A H. Whole-body vibration and the prevention and treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness. Journal of Athletic Training. 2011; 46(1): 43-9. (In Persian).
33
34. Casale R, Ring H, Rainoldi A. High frequency vibration conditioning stimulation centrally reduces myoelectrical manifestation of fatigue in healthy subjects. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2009; 19(5): 998-1004.
34
35. Li L, Lamis F, Wilson S E. Whole-body vibration alters proprioception in the trunk. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2008; 38(9): 792-800.
35
36. Marconi B, Filippi G M, Koch G, Pecchioli C, Salerno S, Don R, et al. Long-term effects on motor cortical excitability induced by repeated muscle vibration during contraction in healthy subjects. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2008; 275(1): 51-9.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
تأثیر هشت هفته تمرینات 11+ فیفا بر متغیرهای نیروی عکسالعمل زمین هنگام حرکت فرود تکپا در بازیکنان فوتبال مرد جوان
هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته تمرینات 11+ فیفا بر متغیرهای نیروی عکسالعمل زمین هنگام حرکت فرود تکپا در بازیکنان فوتبال مرد جوان بود. بدینمنظور، 24 بازیکن فوتبال زیر 21 سال بهصورت تصادفی به دو گروه تجربی و کنترل تقسیم شدند و گروه تجربی بهمدت دو ماه تحت تمرینات 11+ فیفا قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان میدهد که حداکثر مقدار مؤلفههای عمودی، قدامی خلفی و داخلی ـ خارجی نیروی عکسالعمل زمین در پسآزمون گروه تجربی، بهطور معناداری کاهش یافته است. درمقابل، زمان رسیدن به حداکثر مقدار مؤلفههای نیروی عکسالعمل زمین افزایش پیدا کرده است. بهطورکلی،میتوان عنوان کرد که احتمالاٌ برنامۀ تمرینات 11+ فیفا میتواند تأثیر مثبتی بر تعدیل عوامل خطرساز آسیب زانو داشته باشد.
https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_895_e189b8846deeb15b6932de7edc9cfc22.pdf
2017-01-20
107
124
10.22089/smj.2017.895
پیشگیری از آسیب
مفصل زانو
فیفا 11+
نیروی عکسالعمل زمین
وحید
قاسمی پائین دهی
ghasemi.vahid120@gmail.com
1
دکتری آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه خوارزمی
LEAD_AUTHOR
سید صدرالدین
شجاع الدین
sa.shojaedin@yahoo.com
2
دانشیار آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه خوارزمی
AUTHOR
اسماعیل
ابراهیمی تکامجانی
ebrahimi@gmail.com
3
استاد فیزیوتراپی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
AUTHOR
امیر
لطافت کار
kodadad.letafatkar@gmail.com
4
استادیار آسیبشناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی دانشگاه خوارزمی
AUTHOR
منصور
اسلامی
meslami@gmail.com
5
دانشیار بیومکانیک ورزشی دانشگاه مازندران
AUTHOR
1. Rahnama N. Prevention of football injuries. Int J Prev Med 2011; 2(1): 38-40.
1
2. Dvorak J. Osteoarthritis in football: FIFA/F-MARC approach. Br J Sports Med. 2011; 45(8): 673-6.
2
3. Kiani A, Hellquist E, Ahlqvist K, Gedeborg R, Michaelsson K, Byberg L. Prevention of soccer-related knee injuries in teenaged girls. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(1): 43-9. (In Persian).
3
4. Williams G N, Chmielewski T, Rudolph K S, Buchanon T S, Snyder L. Dynamic knee stability: Current theory and implicatin for clinicians and scientists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001; 31(10): 546-66.
4
5. Palmieri R M, Wojtys E M, Ashton J A. Association between preparatory muscle activation and peak valgus knee angle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008; 18(6): 973-9.
5
6. Olsen O E, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball: A systematic video analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2004; 32(4): 1002-12.
6
7. Boden B P, Dean G S, Feagin J A, Garrett W E. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopaedics. 2000; 23(6): 573-8.
7
8. Decker M J, Torry M R, Wyland D J, Sterett W I, Steadman J R. Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and energy absorption during landing. Clin Biomech. 2003; 18(7): 662-9.
8
9. Zhang S N, Bates B T, Dufek J S. Contributions of lower extremity joints to energy dissipation during landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(4): 812-9.
9
10. Dufek J S, Bates B T. Biomechanical factors associated with injury during landing in jump sports. Sports Med. 1991; 12(5): 326-37.
10
11. Poul D P, Simonsen E B, Voigt M. Dynamic control of muscle stiffness and H reflex modulation during hopping and jumping in man. J Physiol. 1991; 437: 287.
11
12. Gilchrist J, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H, Ryan GW, Silvers HJ, Griffin LY. A randomized controlled trial to prevent noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female collegiate soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 2008; 36(8): 1476-83.
12
13. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries female athletes 2 year follow up. Am J Sports Med. 2005; 33(7): 1003-10.
13
14. Chappell J D, Creighton R A, Giuliani C, Yu B, Garrett W E. Kinematics and electromyography of landing preparation in vertical stop-jump risks for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 2007; 35(2): 235-41.
14
15. Garrison J C, Hart J M, Palmieri R M, Kerrigan D C, Lngersoll C D. Lower extremity EMG in male and female college soccer players during single leg landing. J Sport Rehabil. 2005; 14(1): 48-57.
15
16. Hewett T E, Stroupe A L, Nance T A, Noyes F R. Plyometric training in female athletes decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. Am J Sports Med. 1996; 24(6): 765-73.
16
17. Irmischer B S, Harris C, Pfeiffer R P, Debeliso M A, Adams K J, Shea K G. Effects of a knee ligament injury prevention exercise program on impact forces in women. J Strength Condition Res. 2004; 18(4): 703–7.
17
18. Herman DC, Onate JA, Weinhol PS, Guskiewicz KM, Garrett WE, Yu B. The effects of feedback with and without strength training on lower extremity biomechanics. Am J Sports Med. 2009; 37(7): 1301-8.
18
19. Wilkerson G B, Colston M A, Short N I, Neal K L, Hoewischer P E, Pixley J J. Neuromuscular changes in female collegiate athletes resulting from a plyometric jump training program. J Athl Train. 2004; 39(1): 17-23.
19
20. Tsang K K, Dipasquale A A. Improving the Q: H strength ratio in women using plyometric exercises. J Strength Condition Res. 2011; 25(10): 2740-5.
20
21. Cooper M T, Kaeding C. Comparison of the hospital cost of auto graft versus allograft soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2010; 26(11): 1478-82.
21
22. Herman DC, Weinhold PS, Guskiewicz KM, Garrett WE, Yu B. The effects of strength training on the lower extremity biomechanics of female recreational athletes during a stop-jump task. Am J Sports Med. 2008; 36(4): 733–40.
22
23. Vescovi J D, Canavan P K, Hasson S. Effects of a plyometric program on vertical landing force and jumping performance in college women. Phys Ther in Sport. 2008; 9(4): 185–92.
23
24. Longo U G, Loppini M, Berton A, Marinozzi A, Maffulli N, Denaro V. The FIFA+11 program is effect in preventing injuries in elite male basketball players: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2012; 40(5): 996-1005.
24
25. Walden M, Atroshi I, Magnusson H, Wagner P, Hägglund M. Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2012; 344: 3042.
25
26. Zarei M. Effect of comprehensive FIFA warm up programs on injuries incidence and performance in male soccer players. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Tehran; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences; 2014. (In Persian).
26
27. Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, Holme I, Silvers H, Bizzini M. Comprehensive warm-up program to prevent injuries in young female footballers: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2008; 337: 2469.
27
28. Medina J M, McLeod T C V, Howell S K, Kingma J J. Timing of neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings prior to landing in high school male athletes, female athletes, and female non-athletes. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008; 18(4): 591-7.
28
29.Winter D A. The biomechanics and motor control of human movement. 4th ed. Canada: Waterloo: University of Waterloo Press; 2009. P. 176.
29
30. Markovic G, Jukic I, Milanovic D, Metikos D. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance. J Strength Condition Res. 2007; 21(2): 543-9.
30
31. Faude O, Robler R, Junge A. Football injuries in children and adolescent players: Are there clues for prevention? Sport Med. 2013; 43(9): 819-37.
31
32. Barendrecht M, Lezeman CA, Duysens J, Smits CM. Neuromuscular training improves knee kinematics in particular in valgus aligned adolescent team handball players of both sexes. J Strength Condition Res. 2011; 25(3): 575-84.
32
33. Gerber J P, Williams G N, Scoville C R, Arciero R A, Taylor D C. Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: A prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998; 19(10): 653-60.
33
34. Cowley H R, Ford K R, Myer G D, Kernozek T W, Hewett T E. Differences in neuromuscular strategies between landing and cutting tasks in female basketball and soccer athletes. J Athl Train. 2006; 41(1): 67-73.
34
35. Hewett T E, Ford K R, Hoogenboom B J, Myer G D. Understanding and preventing ACL injuries: Current biomechanical and epidemiologic consideration. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2010; 5(4): 234-51.
35
36. Zebis MK, Bencke J, Andersen LL, Dossing S, Alkjaer T, Magnusson SP. The effects of neuromuscular training on knee joint motor control during sidecutting in female elite soccer and handball players. Clin J Sport Med. 2008; 18(4): 329-37.
36
37. Cowling E J, Steele J R. Is lower limb muscle synchrony during landing affected by gender? Implications for variation in ACL injury rates. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2001; 11(4): 263-8.
37