Sport Sciences Research InstituteStudies in Sport Medicine2322-1658143320221122Evaluation Frequency Spectrum of Selected lower limb muscles on surface of Earth Compared with Artificial Turf in individuals with Deformity of the foot during walkingEvaluation Frequency Spectrum of Selected lower limb muscles on surface of Earth Compared with Artificial Turf in individuals with Deformity of the foot during walking1736344710.22089/smj.2022.12534.1592FAArezoMaddahikiviMSc of Sport Biomechnics, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran0000-0002-2739-4340AmirAliJafarnezhadgeroDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.0000-0002-2739-4340AydinValizadehorangUniversity of Mohaghegh Ardabili.,Ardabil, IranJournal Article20220413Pronated and supinated foot as common foot deformity with biomechanical changes in walking can cause injury to the lower limbs. In this quasi-experimental study, 10 men with pronated foot, 10 supinated foot and 10 healthy people aged 20-30 years volunteered to participate. A biometrics electromyographic machine was used to record the frequency spectrum of selected muscles. DataLight biometrics software was used to extract the frequency of selected muscles during 3 phases of walking. The results showed that the frequency of Rectus femoris muscle and the Gluteal muscles increased during the loading phase of walking on the grass compared to the ground. Gastrocnemius muscle and Vastus lateralis muscle activity is higher in the healthy group than in the pronated and supinated groups. The results of the present study show that the use of artificial turf for people with foot deformities can be useful due to the increased activity of Rectus femoris muscle and the Gluteal muscles during the loading phase.Pronated and supinated foot as common foot deformity with biomechanical changes in walking can cause injury to the lower limbs. In this quasi-experimental study, 10 men with pronated foot, 10 supinated foot and 10 healthy people aged 20-30 years volunteered to participate. A biometrics electromyographic machine was used to record the frequency spectrum of selected muscles. DataLight biometrics software was used to extract the frequency of selected muscles during 3 phases of walking. The results showed that the frequency of Rectus femoris muscle and the Gluteal muscles increased during the loading phase of walking on the grass compared to the ground. Gastrocnemius muscle and Vastus lateralis muscle activity is higher in the healthy group than in the pronated and supinated groups. The results of the present study show that the use of artificial turf for people with foot deformities can be useful due to the increased activity of Rectus femoris muscle and the Gluteal muscles during the loading phase.https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3447_2e1b24a664f5e9c18f407b2f9c73e821.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteStudies in Sport Medicine2322-1658143320221122Effects of 4-week of Swedish Massage on Knee Joint Proprioception, Muscle Strength of Quadriceps and Osteoarthritis Symptoms in Women with Knee OsteoarthritisEffects of 4-week of Swedish Massage on Knee Joint Proprioception, Muscle Strength of Quadriceps and Osteoarthritis Symptoms in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis3758344810.22089/smj.2022.11098.1527FAEhsanEbrahimipourdepartment of sport biomechanics, physical education and sport science faculty, university of shahid bahonar of kerman, kerman0000-0003-1953-8321FereshtehSabetMaster of Sport Biomechanics, Department of Sport Biomechanics, Physical Education and Sport Science Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran0000-0002-3327-9146AbdolhamidDaneshjooAssociate Professor of Sport Injuries (Injury prevention)0000-0002-6197-2300FariborzMohammadipourAssociate Professor of Biomechanics Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty Shahid Bahonar University, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman0000-0003-1878-2058Journal Article20210811People with knee osteoarthritis suffer from profound proprioception impairment and decreased muscle strength. Massage is mentioned as an intervention that can relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of four weeks of Swedish massage on knee joint proprioception, muscle strength of quadriceps, and osteoarthritis symptoms in adult women with knee osteoarthritis. Thirty women were included by targeted and available sampling (age 52.60±7.30 years old, height 1.57±0.05 m, body mass74.40±9.60 kg). The subjects were randomly divided into two equal control and intervention groups (n=15). The intervention group received the Swedish massage for 4 weeks (12 sessions). During this period, the control group did not receive any interventional protocol. Symptoms of osteoarthritis, muscle strength of quadriceps, and knee joint proprioception were analyzed in the pre-and post-test using the WOMAC questionnaire, handheld dynamometer, and joint angle reconstruction, respectively. A mixed repeated measure test was used for comparison between and within groups. The results showed a significant improvement in the desired variables of the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05). So that osteoarthritis symptoms were significantly improved (P=0.001), and quadriceps muscle strength (P=0.001) and knee joint proprioception (P=0.001) were significantly increased. Based on the findings of this study, massage can increase the strength of quadriceps muscles and improve the knee joint proprioception in women with knee osteoarthritis by decreasing pain and improving physical function. Therefore, it is recommended to use this intervention in order to improve strength, joint proprioception, and symptoms in women with knee osteoarthritis.People with knee osteoarthritis suffer from profound proprioception impairment and decreased muscle strength. Massage is mentioned as an intervention that can relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of four weeks of Swedish massage on knee joint proprioception, muscle strength of quadriceps, and osteoarthritis symptoms in adult women with knee osteoarthritis. Thirty women were included by targeted and available sampling (age 52.60±7.30 years old, height 1.57±0.05 m, body mass74.40±9.60 kg). The subjects were randomly divided into two equal control and intervention groups (n=15). The intervention group received the Swedish massage for 4 weeks (12 sessions). During this period, the control group did not receive any interventional protocol. Symptoms of osteoarthritis, muscle strength of quadriceps, and knee joint proprioception were analyzed in the pre-and post-test using the WOMAC questionnaire, handheld dynamometer, and joint angle reconstruction, respectively. A mixed repeated measure test was used for comparison between and within groups. The results showed a significant improvement in the desired variables of the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05). So that osteoarthritis symptoms were significantly improved (P=0.001), and quadriceps muscle strength (P=0.001) and knee joint proprioception (P=0.001) were significantly increased. Based on the findings of this study, massage can increase the strength of quadriceps muscles and improve the knee joint proprioception in women with knee osteoarthritis by decreasing pain and improving physical function. Therefore, it is recommended to use this intervention in order to improve strength, joint proprioception, and symptoms in women with knee osteoarthritis.https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3448_c5bbd980e5ab2c17413ec02bd757a9e5.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteStudies in Sport Medicine2322-1658143320221122The Effect of Eight Weeks Reactive Neuromuscular Training on Lower Extremity kinematics during Landing in Female Basketball PlayersThe Effect of Eight Weeks Reactive Neuromuscular Training on Lower Extremity kinematics during Landing in Female Basketball Players5980345010.22089/smj.2022.12556.1594FAAnooshehYadollahiShahid Beheshti University, velengak, Tehran, IranMostafaZareiShahid Beheshti University, velengak, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9063-686XMehdiiGheiitasiShahid Beheshti University, velengak, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220417Recently the reactive neuromuscular training (RNT) has received increasing attention due to its function in decreasing the sport injuries. These exercises help athletes to quickly correct their faulty movement patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of reactive neuromuscular training on landing kinematics in Female Basketball Players. Thirty three players from the three teams of the Tehran Female's Basketball Premier League participated in this study. The teams were randomly divided into three groups: experimental 1 (n=11), experimental 2 (n=11) and control group (n=11). Experimental group 1 performed prevent injury and enhance performance (PEP) exercises for eight weeks and experimental group 2 performed PEP exercises with RNT instead of regular warming up. The control group performed their usual exercises. The kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity joints during landing were evaluated by pre-test and post-test. Three-dimensional lower-extremity kinematics was measured during drop jump with a single leg landing. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that eight weeks of reactive neuromuscular training had a significant effect on hip flexion angle at landing (F(2,27)=3.40, P=0.04, ηp2=0.20). But there was no significant effect on knee valgus, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and trunk flexion at the moment of landing following RNT training. The presented results indicated that the injury prevention program using reactive neuromuscular exercises could well modify the athletes' movement patterns toward a lower risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.Recently the reactive neuromuscular training (RNT) has received increasing attention due to its function in decreasing the sport injuries. These exercises help athletes to quickly correct their faulty movement patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of reactive neuromuscular training on landing kinematics in Female Basketball Players. Thirty three players from the three teams of the Tehran Female's Basketball Premier League participated in this study. The teams were randomly divided into three groups: experimental 1 (n=11), experimental 2 (n=11) and control group (n=11). Experimental group 1 performed prevent injury and enhance performance (PEP) exercises for eight weeks and experimental group 2 performed PEP exercises with RNT instead of regular warming up. The control group performed their usual exercises. The kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity joints during landing were evaluated by pre-test and post-test. Three-dimensional lower-extremity kinematics was measured during drop jump with a single leg landing. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that eight weeks of reactive neuromuscular training had a significant effect on hip flexion angle at landing (F(2,27)=3.40, P=0.04, ηp2=0.20). But there was no significant effect on knee valgus, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, and trunk flexion at the moment of landing following RNT training. The presented results indicated that the injury prevention program using reactive neuromuscular exercises could well modify the athletes' movement patterns toward a lower risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3450_703957b6dd9e3a7980e040bee50ded65.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteStudies in Sport Medicine2322-1658143320221122Comparison of co-contraction and peak contraction of selected lower limb muscles during landing on different surfaces in Block defense skillsComparison of co-contraction and peak contraction of selected lower limb muscles during landing on different surfaces in Block defense skills8196324710.22089/smj.2022.12460.1590FASabaAbrifamPhD student from Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran BranchAliFatahiAssistant Professor, Sports Biomechanics Department, Physical Education and Sports Sciences Faculty, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8863-4061HasanMatin HomaeiDepartment of sport PhysiologyJournal Article20220417Surface stiffness is a factor affecting the injuries since any change in in the amount of this parameter leads to the increased applied forces. This is a quasi-experimental, causal-comparative, and applied study. The statistical population included 14 volleyball players aged between 18 and 20. The muscles’ electrical activity was recorded by an 8-channel electromyograph based on the SENIAM protocol (Surface ElectroMyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) on four selected muscles of the lower limb. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were employed for data description, Shapiro-Wilk test for the assessment of data distribution normality, analysis of variance with repeated measures for the effect of surface type on the research variables, and Bonferroni post hoc test was used for the assessment of differences. Furthermore, the repeated measurement test’s results revealed no significant difference between groups in terms of the peak muscle activities in Vastus lateralis muscle and Biceps femoris muscle when jumping and landing on tatami, grass, and sand (p≤0.05); however, the surfaces were significantly different in the tibialis anterior muscle and gastrocnemius muscle (p = 0.00). Besides, there was no significant difference between co-contractions in knee and ankle joint (p≤0.05); the difference was that in the knee joint, the highest average co-contraction was seen on the grass and its lowest rate on the sand, while in the ankle joint, the lowest rate was seen on the sand and the highest rate on tatami.Surface stiffness is a factor affecting the injuries since any change in in the amount of this parameter leads to the increased applied forces. This is a quasi-experimental, causal-comparative, and applied study. The statistical population included 14 volleyball players aged between 18 and 20. The muscles’ electrical activity was recorded by an 8-channel electromyograph based on the SENIAM protocol (Surface ElectroMyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) on four selected muscles of the lower limb. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were employed for data description, Shapiro-Wilk test for the assessment of data distribution normality, analysis of variance with repeated measures for the effect of surface type on the research variables, and Bonferroni post hoc test was used for the assessment of differences. Furthermore, the repeated measurement test’s results revealed no significant difference between groups in terms of the peak muscle activities in Vastus lateralis muscle and Biceps femoris muscle when jumping and landing on tatami, grass, and sand (p≤0.05); however, the surfaces were significantly different in the tibialis anterior muscle and gastrocnemius muscle (p = 0.00). Besides, there was no significant difference between co-contractions in knee and ankle joint (p≤0.05); the difference was that in the knee joint, the highest average co-contraction was seen on the grass and its lowest rate on the sand, while in the ankle joint, the lowest rate was seen on the sand and the highest rate on tatami.https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3247_ac45088df2e8d3cd2d8fbafceb920878.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteStudies in Sport Medicine2322-1658143320221122Effects of 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool on balance and lower limb muscles strength in elderlyEffects of 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool on balance and lower limb muscles strength in elderly97114345110.22089/smj.2022.11727.1584FASeyed HosseinHosseinimehrDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0003-0005-8483MehrdadAnbarianFaculty of Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University0000-0002-3605-5586ZanyarMohammadiMaster of sciences in sports biomechanics, Department of sport biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IranJournal Article20220307The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool on balance and lower limb muscles strength in elderly. Thirty-six healthy male elder selected as statically sample in three groups. Two experimental groups performed 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool for three sessions in per week. Balance and lower limb muscles strength tests performed before and after the training protocol. Single leg stance time and Y test were used for measuring static and dynamic balance respectively. MMT system was used for measuring lower limb muscles strength. Findings of this study indicated there is significant improvement on static balance after performing training protocol in shallow and deep part of the pool (p=0.03) .in contrast, dynamic balance of dominance leg has significant improvement in 3 directions of Y test while dynamic balance of non-dominance leg has significant improvement in anterior direction only (p=0.01). On the other hand, there is only significant improvement in hamstring muscles strength after training protocol in shallow part of the pool while all muscles strength except internal and external rotators have significant improvement after training protocol in deep part of the pool (p<0.05). It seems 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool has significant improvement on balance but performing training in deep part of pool has more significant improvement on lower limb muscles strength in elderly.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool on balance and lower limb muscles strength in elderly. Thirty-six healthy male elder selected as statically sample in three groups. Two experimental groups performed 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool for three sessions in per week. Balance and lower limb muscles strength tests performed before and after the training protocol. Single leg stance time and Y test were used for measuring static and dynamic balance respectively. MMT system was used for measuring lower limb muscles strength. Findings of this study indicated there is significant improvement on static balance after performing training protocol in shallow and deep part of the pool (p=0.03) .in contrast, dynamic balance of dominance leg has significant improvement in 3 directions of Y test while dynamic balance of non-dominance leg has significant improvement in anterior direction only (p=0.01). On the other hand, there is only significant improvement in hamstring muscles strength after training protocol in shallow part of the pool while all muscles strength except internal and external rotators have significant improvement after training protocol in deep part of the pool (p<0.05). It seems 12 weeks water training in shallow and deep part of pool has significant improvement on balance but performing training in deep part of pool has more significant improvement on lower limb muscles strength in elderly.https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3451_de7f47e09c8e05e6021ababdf6bc58e7.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteStudies in Sport Medicine2322-1658143320221122Comparison of Ajuga and Orthomol-Tendo Supplementation effects on Muscle Injuries Index and Bio Movement Variables of Soccer PlayersComparison of Ajuga and Orthomol-Tendo Supplementation effects on Muscle Injuries Index and Bio Movement Variables of Soccer Players115136371910.22089/smj.2023.13707.1629FAKhashayarMaroofiuniversity of Isfahan0000-0003-2421-8736NaderRahnamafull professor, Department of Physical Education , Isfahan University ,Esfahan,Iran0000-0002-0443-4303Seyede NargessSadati LamardiAssistant Professor of Pharmacognosy, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMohammadSamadiAssistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221028Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Ajuga and Ertomol-Tendo supplements on muscle damage indicators and biomotor variables of football players.<br />Research Methodology:39 football players voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 13 people: Ajoga supplement, Ertomol-Tendo supplement and placebo. In the pre-test stage, the strength of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was measured through the Biodex device, explosive power through the Sargent's jump, and balance through the foot scan. In the pre-test and post-test stages, blood was drawn from the subjects first and48 hours after the implementation of the training protocol. The relevant supplements were taken for4 weeks and at the end of the supplementation period, the post-test stage was repeated similar to the pre-test. The data were analyzed by the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements (P<0.05).<br />Results: The changes of Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase increased in the phase after the implementation of the training protocol, but the comparison between the two phases was not significant. Also, the comparison between the groups showed that there is no difference between the three groups (P<0.05). Despite the fact that the strength of flexors and extensors, Q/R ratio, balance and explosive power increased in soccer players after using supplements, but the difference was not statistically significant. Also, no significant difference was observed between the groups (P<0.05).<br />Conclusion: Athletes need to use different supplements in order to reduce the effects of muscle damage caused by intense activities.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Ajuga and Ertomol-Tendo supplements on muscle damage indicators and biomotor variables of football players.<br />Research Methodology:39 football players voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 13 people: Ajoga supplement, Ertomol-Tendo supplement and placebo. In the pre-test stage, the strength of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was measured through the Biodex device, explosive power through the Sargent's jump, and balance through the foot scan. In the pre-test and post-test stages, blood was drawn from the subjects first and48 hours after the implementation of the training protocol. The relevant supplements were taken for4 weeks and at the end of the supplementation period, the post-test stage was repeated similar to the pre-test. The data were analyzed by the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements (P<0.05).<br />Results: The changes of Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase increased in the phase after the implementation of the training protocol, but the comparison between the two phases was not significant. Also, the comparison between the groups showed that there is no difference between the three groups (P<0.05). Despite the fact that the strength of flexors and extensors, Q/R ratio, balance and explosive power increased in soccer players after using supplements, but the difference was not statistically significant. Also, no significant difference was observed between the groups (P<0.05).<br />Conclusion: Athletes need to use different supplements in order to reduce the effects of muscle damage caused by intense activities.https://smj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3719_9e740b84bb48a64dde25061566299467.pdf