Studies in Sport Medicine

Stance Phases Characteristics of Walking in Children with Autism

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student, Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of ‎Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.‎

2 Full professor, Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of ‎Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran‎

3 Assistant professor, Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of ‎Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.‎

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is known as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in children, which ‎affects biomechanics‏ ‏of walking‏ ‏skills. The present study was conducted to compare the characteristics of the ‎stance phases of walking in autistic children to their healthy peers. Forty children 7-12 years entered into two ‎groups of children with autism and healthy. Timing of sub-phases, foot progression angle and total time of the ‎stance phases was measured with foot scan device in walk way. The results indicated that in autistic children ‎versus control group had more in forefoot contact and push-off phases, total time of the stance and foot ‎progression angle and had lesser in the initial contact and foot flattening phases (P≤0/05). These findings ‎suggested that autistic children had different strategies for body mass support at different stance phases.‎

Keywords

  1. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
  2. Torres EB, Donnellan AM. Editorial for research topic “Autism: The movement perspective”. Front Integr Neurosci. 2015;9:12.
  3. Pan C-Y, Tsai C-L, Chu C-H. Fundamental movement skills in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(12):1694.
  4. Hallett M, Lebiedowska MK, Thomas SL, Stanhope SJ, Denckla MB, Rumsey J. Locomotion of autistic adults. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(12):1304-8.
  5. Rinehart NJ, Tonge BJ, Iansek R, McGinley J, Brereton AV, Enticott PG, et al. Gait function in newly diagnosed children with autism: cerebellar and basal ganglia related motor disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(10):819-24.
  6. Kindregan D, Gallagher L, Gormley J. Gait deviations in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review. Autism Res Treat. 2015;2015.
  7. Hasan CZC, Jailani R, Tahir NM, Ilias S. The analysis of three-dimensional ground reaction forces during gait in children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 2017;66:55-63.
  8. Calhoun M, Longworth M, Chester VL. Gait patterns in children with autism. Clin Biomech. 2011;26(2):200-6.
  9. Payne VG, Isaacs LD. Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Khalaji H, Khajavi D. 2thed. Arak: Arak University; 2005. (in persion)
  10. Kirtley C. Clinical gait analysis: theory and practice. Sadeghi H, Yousefi M. Tehran: Qalam Alam; 2015. (in persion)
  11. Sheridan MD, Sharma A, Frost M. From birth to five years: children's developmental progress: Routledge; 2002.
  12. Kirby K. Biomechanics of the normal and abnormal foot. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000;90(1):30-4.
  13. Eggleston JD, Harry JR, Cereceres PA, Olivas AN, Chavez EA, Boyle JB, et al. Lesser magnitudes of lower extremity variability during terminal swing characterizes walking patterns in children with autism. Clin Biomech. 2020;76:105031.
  14. Perttunen J. Foot loading in normal and pathological walking: University of Jyväskylä; 2002.
  15. Vilensky JA, Damasio AR, Maurer RG. Gait disturbances in patients with autistic behavior: a preliminary study. Arch Neurol. 1981;38(10):646-9.
  16. Vernazza-Martin S, Martin N, Vernazza A, Lepellec-Muller A, Rufo M, Massion J, et al. Goal directed locomotion and balance control in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005;35(1):91-102.
  17. Weiss MJ, Moran MF, Parker ME, Foley JT. Gait analysis of teenagers and young adults diagnosed with autism and severe verbal communication disorders. Front Integr Neurosci. 2013;7:33.
  18. Chester VL, Calhoun M. Gait symmetry in children with autism. Autism Res Treat. 2012;2012.
  19. Elliot B, Ackland T. Biomechanical effects of fatigue on 10,000 meter running technique. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1981;52(2):160-6.
  20. Montgomery JM, Newton B, Smith C. Test review: Gilliam, J.(2006). GARS-2: Gilliam autism rating scale—second edition. Austin, TX: PRO-ED. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2008;26(4):395-401.
  21. Willems T, Witvrouw E, Delbaere K, De Cock A, De Clercq D. Relationship between gait biomechanics and inversion sprains: a prospective study of risk factors. Gait Posture. 2005;21(4):379-87.
  22. Wu X, Wang H, Dickin C, Bassette L. Clinical Gait Analysis in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2020.
  23. Molloy CA, Dietrich KN, Bhattacharya A. Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33(6):643-52.
  24. Pauk J, Zawadzka N, Wasilewska A, Godlewski P. Gait deviations in children with classic high-functioning autism and low-functioning Autism. J Mech Med Biol. 2017;17(03):1750042.
  25. Shih Y-F, Chen C-Y, Chen W-Y, Lin H-C. Lower extremity kinematics in children with and without flexible flatfoot: a comparative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13(1):31.
  26. Levinger P, Murley GS, Barton CJ, Cotchett MP, McSweeney SR, Menz HB. A comparison of foot kinematics in people with normal-and flat-arched feet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):519-23.
  27. Nobile M, Perego P, Piccinini L, Mani E, Rossi A, Bellina M, et al. Further evidence of complex motor dysfunction in drug naive children with autism using automatic motion analysis of gait. Autism. 2011;15(3):263-83.
  28. Ambrosini D, Courchesne E, Kaufman KR. Motion analysis of patients with infantile autism. Gait Posture. 1998;7(2):188.
  29. Yang C-S, Lee G-S, Choi B-K, O’Sullivan D, Kwon Y-H, Lim B-O, editors. Gait analysis in children with autism using temporal-spatial and foot pressure Variables. ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive; 2012.
  30. Tedroff K, Eriksson JM, Bejerot S. What has feet to do with it? Pes planus and medial arch height in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2013;7(1):187-92.

 

  • Receive Date 07 September 2021
  • Revise Date 20 October 2021
  • Accept Date 26 October 2021

Home

Publication Ethics

Submit Manuscript

news

Journal Metrics

Contact Us