Studies in Sport Medicine

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Reviewers

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Article Processing Charges (APC)

forms

Terms and conditions for manuscript submission

Guide for Authors

Peer Review Process

The effect of an eight-week endurance training of running on positive and negative inclination on the biomechanical parameters of tibia bone in male Wistar rats

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 department of Sports biomechanics, Central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university,, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Sports Biomechanics Department, Physical Education and Sports Sciences Faculty, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Sport Physiology,, central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Since participating in sports training is one of the best modalities to strengthen the bones and plays an important role in preventing bone injuries, the purpose of this recent research was to investigate the effect of an eight-week endurance training of running on positive and negative inclination on the biomechanical parameters of tibia bone in male Wistar rats. 15 Wistar rats with an approximate age of eight weeks and with a weight range of 180-200 grams were divided into 3 groups with an 8-week training protocol including: Control group (no activity), endurance training group in positive slope, endurance training group in negative slope. Three-point bending test was used to measure biomechanical parameters. The results showed a significant improvement in maximum mechanical resistance (F max), bone deformation and maximum energy absorbed to the maximum point of tibia bone strength in the endurance training group of running on a positive slope compared to the negative slope group and the control group. Moreover, it was observed that endurance training in positive and negative slopes had no significant effect on bone stiffness. Also, this type of endurance training in the negative slope caused a decrease in the mechanical parameters discussed in the research. Findings indicate the role of negative slope as a factor in reducing the quality of the biomechanical characteristics of bones in endurance training. It seems that endurance training of running in a positive slope can help improve bone indices. However, more considerations are needed in this field.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Enoka RM. Neuromechanics of human movement. 4th Sadeghi H, editor. Tehran: Hatmi; 2008.
  2. Morteza Khodaee, Anna L. Waterbrook MG. Sports-related fractures, dislocations and trauma. 1st Khodaee M, Waterbrook AL, Gammons M, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020.
  3. Zhang L, Yuan Y, Wu W, Sun Z, Lei L, Fan J, et al. Medium-intensity treadmill exercise exerts beneficial effects on bone modeling through bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:1–13.
  4. Maffioli P, Derosa G. Overview of Biochemical markers of bone metabolism. In: biomarkers in disease: methods, discoveries and applications. Cham: Springer; 2015, pp. 1–19.
  5. Hall SJ. Basic biomechanics. 4th ed. Tehran: Amirkabir University of Technology; 2017.
  6. Weinstein AA, Drinkard BM, Diao G, Furst G, Dale JK, Straus SE, et al. Exploratory analysis of the relationships between aerobic capacity and self-reported fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, and chronic fatigue syndrome. PMR. 2009;1(7):620–8.
  7. Eiseman E, Anapol F, Gray JP. Sexual dimorphism and the shape of the proximal tibia in a radiographic sample. Theses and Dissertations. 2019;2298. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2298
  8. Christopher Ruff, Brigitte Holt ET. Who’s afraid of the big bad wolff?: ‘Wolff’s law’ and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006;129:484–98.
  9. Beck BR, Daly RM, Singh MAF, Taaffe DR. Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise prescription for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(5):438–45.
  10. Liu L, Guo J, Chen X, Tong X, Xu J, Zou J. The role of irisin in exercise-mediated bone health. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;4:9.
  11. Modaresi The effect of two low and moderate endurance training protocols on mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic male mice. Journal od Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2020;19:1097-1103. (In Persian).
  12. Troib A, Guterman M, Rabkin R, Landau D, Segev Y. Endurance exercise and growth hormone improve bone formation in young and growth-retarded chronic kidney disease rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(8):1270–9.
  13. Mackenzie B, Cordoza G. Power speed endurance: a skill based approach to endurance training. Las Vegas, Nev: Victory Belt Publishing; 2012.
  14. Fleg JL. Aerobic exercise in the elderly: a key to successful aging. Discov Med [Internet]. 2012;13(70):223–8.
  15. Palombaro KM, Black JD, Buchbinder R, Jette DU. Effectiveness of exercise for managing osteoporosis in women postmenopause. Phys Ther. 2013;93(8):1021–5.
  16. Hong AR, Kim SW. Effects of resistance exercise on bone health. Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(4):435.
  17. Escabi CD, Frye MD, Trevino M, Lobarinas E. The rat animal model for noise-induced hearing loss. J Acoust Soc Am. 2019;146(5):3692–709.
  18. Abubakar AA, Noordin MM, Azmi TI, Kaka U, Loqman MY. The use of rats and mice as animal models in ex vivo bone growth and development studies. Bone Joint Res. 2016;5(12):610–8.
  19. Renaud M, Farkasdi S, Pons C, Panayotov I, Collart-Dutilleul P-Y, Taillades H, et al. A New rat model for translational research in bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2016;22(2):125–31.
  20. Prodinger PM, Foehr P, Bürklein D, Bissinger O, Pilge H, Kreutzer K, et al. Whole bone testing in small animals: systematic characterization of the mechanical properties of different rodent bones available for rat fracture models. Eur J Med Res. 2018;23(1):8.
  21. Ishida H, Komaba H, Hamano N, Yamato H, Sawada K, Wada T, et al. Skeletal and mineral metabolic effects of risedronate in a rat model of high-turnover renal osteodystrophy. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020;38(4):501–10.
  22. Osuna LGG, Soares CJ, Vilela ABF, Irie MS, Versluis A, Soares PBF. Influence of bone defect position and span in 3-point bending tests: experimental and finite element analysis. Braz Oral Res. 2021;35:e001.
  23. Steiner M, Volkheimer D, Meyers N, Wehner T, Wilke H-J, Claes L, et al. Comparison between different methods for biomechanical assessment of ex vivo fracture callus stiffness in small animal bone healing studies. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119603.
  24. Leppänen OV, Sievänen H, Järvinen TLN. Biomechanical testing in experimental bone interventions—May the power be with you. J Biomech. 2008;41(8):1623–31.
  25. Borhani Kakhki Z, Sadeghi Sadeghi H, Torkaman G, Gaeini AA, Gheidi N. The Effect of Eight Weeks Endurance Training on the Femur and Tibia Bones in Male Wistar Rats: Biomechanical and Geometrical Parameters. Stud Sport Med. 2016;8(19):43–62. (In Persian).
  26. Burrows M BS. The physiology of the highly trained female endurance runner. Sport Med Auckl. 2000;30:281–300.
  27. Burrows M, Nevill A M, Bird S S. Physiological factors associated with low bone mineral density in female endurance runners. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:67–71.
  28. Brahm H, Strom H, Piehl-Aulin k, Mallmin H LS. Bone metabolism in endurance trained athletes: A comparison to population-based controls based on DXA, SXA, quantitative ultrasound, and biochemical markers. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61:448–54.
  29. Maimoun L, Galy O, Manetta J, Coste O, Peruchon E, Micallef J P et al. Competitive season of triathlon does not alter bone metabolism and bone mineral status in male triahletes. Int J Sports Med. 2004;25:230–4.
  30. Transl J, Lim EJ, Ahn YC, Jang ES, Lee SW, Lee SH, et al. Systematic review and meta ‑ analysis of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome / myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS /ME). J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):1–15.
  31. Margareta Nordin VHF. Basis biomechanics of musculoskeletal system. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
  32. Huang T-H, Chang F-L, Lin S-C, Liu S-H, Hsieh SS, Yang R-S. Endurance treadmill running training benefits the biomaterial quality of bone in growing male Wistar rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2008;26(4):350–7.
  33. Huang TH, Lin SC, Chang FL, Hsieh SS, Liu SH, Yang RS. Effects of different exercise modes on mineralization, structure, and biomechanical properties of growing bone. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(1):300–7.
  34. Renno A, Silveiragomes A, Nascimento R, Salvini T, Parizoto N. Effects of a progressive loading exercise program on the bone and skeletal muscle properties of female osteopenic rats. Exp Gerontol. 2007;42(6):517–22.
  35. Nazem F, Salehikia A, Marandi SM, Sahdadi A. Impact of a 12 week resistance and concurrent training on bone mechanical strength and mineral density of osteoporotic male Wistar rats. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (FEYZ). 2016;20(2):108–17. (In Persian).
  36. Mohammad Amoli S, Sadeghi H. The effect of eight weeks of strength training on selected biomechanical properties of femur in old male rats. J Sport Biomech. 2017;3(1):47–54. (In Persian).
  37. Hemati Farsani S, Banitalebi E, Faramarzi M, Bigham-Sadegh A. The effect of eight weeks of moderate and high intensity endurance training on biomechanical properties of femur in old male wistar rats. Iran J Orthop Surg. 2020;16(2):205–13. (In Persian).
  38. Savage KJ, McPherron AC. Endurance exercise training in myostatin null mice. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(3):355–62.
  39. Vernillo G, Giandolini M, Edwards WB, Morin J-B, Samozino P, Horvais N, et al. Biomechanics and physiology of uphill and downhill running. Sport Med. 2017;47(4):615–29.
  40. Azevedo L. Risk factors for achilles tendinopathy in runners – an investigation of selected intrinsic, kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity factors that are associated with Achilles tendinopathy [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cape Town; 2008.
  41. Gottschall JS, Kram R. Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. J Biomech. 2005;38(3):445–52.
  42. Bontemps B, Vercruyssen F, Gruet M, Louis J. Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review. Sport Med. 2020;50(12):2083–110.
  43. Kang Y-S, Kim C-H, Kim J-S. The effects of downhill and uphill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors in ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Exerc Nutr Biochem. 2017;21(3):1–10.
  44. Hamann N, Kohler T, Müller R, Brüggemann G-P, Niehoff A. The effect of level and downhill running on cortical and trabecular bone in growing rats. Calcif Tissue Int. 2012;90(5):429–37.

Pickle NT, Grabowski AM, Auyang AG, Silverman AK. The functional roles of muscles during sloped walking. J Biomech. 2016;49(14):3244–51.

Studies in Sport Medicine
Volume 14, Issue 32 - Serial Number 32
June 2022
Pages 159-182
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 25 July 2022
  • Revise Date: 19 September 2022
  • Accept Date: 20 September 2022
Share
How to cite
Statistics