Studies in Sport Medicine

The effect of increasing the mass of shoes on a selection of mechanical components of running and ankle kinematics of recreational runners

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc. Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Community Health Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract
Suitable sports shoes are one of the best available methods to change the biomechanical pattern of running and cause to improve sports performance of athletes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the mass of shoes on a selection of mechanical components of running and ankle kinematics of recreational runners. The participants of this study were 12 young men aged 19 to 25 years who had been running for at least one to three days a week for the past six months. To simulate heavy shoes, a 250-gram sandbag was attached to the shoes of the participants. After reflective marker placement, their running pattern was recorded in three dimensions on a treadmill at a speed of 10 km/h in two stages (with and without additional load). The examined components included vertical displacement of the center of mass, angle between the shin and ground, heel whip, heel clearance, angle between foot and ground, dorsi-plantar flexion angle, maximum eversion, and foot pronation velocity. There was a difference of 1.3 cm in the hill clearance component and 1.1 degree in the dorsiplantar flexion angle of heavy shoes compared to light shoes. Based on the results of the research, it seems that using sandbags to increase the mass of the shoe can cause an increase in ankle eversion in recreational runners.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Shamsehkohan P, Sadeghi H, Navvab Motlagh F, Ebrahim H. The relationship between range of motion, angular velocity, shearing force and reaction force of lower extremity of jump serve in male volleyball players. Journal for Research in Sport Rehabilitation. 2014;2(3):21-9.
  2. Haj-Lotfalian M, Honarvar MH, Shamsehkohan P. The biomechanics and muscle function in various squat techniques with a rehabilitative and training approach: a narrative review. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2019;15(5):294-304.
  3. Strauts J, Vanicek N, Halaki M. Acute changes in kinematic and muscle activity patterns in habitually shod rearfoot strikers while running barefoot. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2016;34(1):75-87.
  4. Messier SP, Martin DF, Mihalko SL, Ip E, DeVita P, Cannon DW, Love M, Beringer D, Saldana S, Fellin RE, Seay JF. A 2-year prospective cohort study of overuse running injuries: the runners and injury longitudinal study (TRAILS). J. Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2211-21.
  5. Bahr R, Reeser JC. Injuries among world-class professional beach volleyball players: the Federation Internationale de Volleyball beach volleyball injury study. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(1):119-25.
  6. Lopes AD. Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of running-related injuries: an epidemiologic review. Clin Care Run. 2020;1:1-7.
  7. Vannatta CN, Heinert BL, Kernozek TW. Biomechanical risk factors for running-related injury differ by sample population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biomech. 2020;75:104991.
  8. Cavanagh PR, Lafortune MA. Ground reaction forces in distance running. J Biomech. 1980;13(5):397-406.
  9. Sinclair J, Greenhalgh A, Edmundson CJ, Brooks D, Hobbs SJ. Gender differences in the kinetics and kinematics of distance running: implications for footwear design. Int J Sports Sci Eng. 2012;6(2):118-28.
  10. Mohr M, Trudeau MB, Nigg SR, Nigg BM. Increased athletic performance in lighter basketball shoes: shoe or psychology effect? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016;11(1):74-9.
  11. Nigg BM. Biomechanics of sport shoes. Calgary: University of Calgary; 2010.
  12. Martin PE. Mechanical and physiological responses to lower extremity loading during running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985;17(4):427-33.
  13. Divert C, Mornieux G, Freychat P, Baly L, Mayer F, Belli A. Barefoot-shod running differences: shoe or mass effect? Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(06):512-8.
  14. Franz JR, Wierzbinski CM, Kram R. Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(8):1519-25.
  15. Hoogkamer W, Kipp S, Spiering BA, Kram R. Altered running economy directly translates to altered distance-running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2175-80.
  16. Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, Hawley JA. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med. 2004;34:465-85.
  17. Williams KR, Cavanagh PR. Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63(3):1236-45.
  18. Souza RB, Hatamiya N, Martin C, Aramaki A, Martinelli B, Wong J, Luke A. Medial and lateral heel whips: prevalence and characteristics in recreational runners. PM&R. 2015;7(8):823-30.
  19. Napier C, MacLean CL, Maurer J, Taunton JE, Hunt MA. Kinematic correlates of kinetic outcomes associated with running-related injury. J. Appl. Biomech. 2019;35(2):123-30.
  20. Brown C. Foot clearance in walking and running in individuals with ankle instability. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(8):1769-77.
  21. Padulo J, Chamari K, Ardigo LP. Walking and running on treadmill: the standard criteria for kinematics studies. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 2014;4(2):159.
  22. Nigg BM, De Boer RW, Fisher VE. A kinematic comparison of overground and treadmill running. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1995;27(1):98-105.
  23. Halvorsen K, Eriksson M, Gullstrand L. Acute effects of reducing vertical displacement and step frequency on running economy. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(8):2065-70.
  24. Giangarra CE, Manske RC. Clinical orthopedic rehabilitation: A team approach. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
  25. Miller F. Hip and pelvic kinematic pathology in cerebral palsy gait. Cerebral Palsy. 2020:1471-87.
  26. Wallace IJ, Kraft TS, Venkataraman VV, Davis HE, Holowka NB, Harris AR, Lieberman DE, Gurven M. Cultural variation in running techniques among non-industrial societies. Evol Hum. 2022;4:e14.
  27. Folland JP, Allen SJ, Black MI, Handsaker JC, Forrester SE. Running technique is an important component of running economy and performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(7):1412.
  28. Kirtley C. Clinical gait analysis: theory and practice. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
  29. Warrener A, Tamai R, Lieberman DE. The effect of trunk flexion angle on lower limb mechanics during running. HumMov Sci. 2021;78:102817.
  30. Carcreff L, Fluss J, Allali G, Valenza N, Aminian K, Newman CJ, Armand S. The effects of dual tasks on gait in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 2019;70:148-55.
  31. Daoud AI, Geissler GJ, Wang F, Saretsky J, Daoud YA, Lieberman DE. Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: a retrospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(7):1325-34.
  32. Kulmala JP, Avela J, Pasanen K, Parkkari J. Forefoot strikers exhibit lower running-induced knee loading than rearfoot strikers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(12):2306-13.
  33. Kasmer ME, Liu XC, Roberts KG, Valadao JM. Foot-strike pattern and performance in a marathon. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013 May 1;8(3):286-92.
  34. Anderson LM, Bonanno DR, Hart HF, Barton CJ. What are the benefits and risks associated with changing foot strike pattern during running? A systematic review and meta-analysis of injury, running economy, and biomechanics. Sports Med. 2020;50:885-917.
  35. Ferber R, Macdonald S. Running mechanics and gait analysis. Available at: http://www.gaitlab.ir/books/gaitlab_ref_52_Reed_Ferber_Shari_Lynn_Macdonald.pdf. 2014.

 

Studies in Sport Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 37
September 2023
Pages 121-138

  • Receive Date 03 June 2023
  • Revise Date 17 August 2023
  • Accept Date 25 October 2023

Home

Publication Ethics

Submit Manuscript

news

Journal Metrics

Contact Us