Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of heel height variations on selected muscles activity (with emphasize on co-contraction) and joint angle during squat exercise. Joint range of motion and electromyographic activity from medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus laterlis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and erector spinae muscles of ten active males were recorded while performed squat exercise at 0, 2, 3 and 4 cm of heel height conditions. A reduction activity was observed for tibialis anterior muscle while heel height, but there was no significant differences for the other muscles. There was a lower general co-contraction of the ankle joint muscles at 3 cm heel height condition that could minimize the perturbing effects of external loads on ankle during squat exercise. Therefore, performing squat exercise at 3 cm height condition could be recommended as a suitable position for both rehabilitation and sport applications purposes,
Keywords
1. Alves, FSM, Oliveira, FS, Junqueira CHBF, Azevedo BMS2, Dionísio VC. (2009). Analysis of electromyographic patterns during standard and declined squats. Rev Bras Fisioter. 13 (2): 164-172.
2. Boling, MC, Bolgla, LA., Mattacola, CG, Uhl, TL, Hosey, RG. (2006). Outcomes of a weight-bearing rehabilitation program for patients diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 87 (11): 1428-1435.
3. Caterisano, A., Moss, RF., Pellinger, TK., Woodruff, K., Lewis, VC., Booth, W., Khadra, T. (2002).The effect of back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles. J Strength Cond Res.16 (3): 428-432.
4. Cerny, K. (1995). Vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis muscle activityratios for selected exercises in persons with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther. 75: 672-83.
5. Cerulli, G., Caraffa, A., Ponteggia, F. (2002). Rehabilitation issues in women with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Sport Med Arthrosc Rev. 10: 76-82.
6. Dionisio, VC., Almeida, GL., Duarte, M., Hirata, RP. (2008). Kinematic, kinetic and EMG patterns during downward squatting. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 18 (1): 134-143.
7. Escamilla, RF., Fleisig, GS., Lowry, TM., Barrentine, SW., Andrews, JR. (2001). A three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33 (6):984-998.
8. Escamilla, RF., Fleisig, GS., Zheng, N., Barrentine, SW., Wilk, KE., Andrews, JR. (1998). Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 30 (4): 556-69.
9. Escamilla, RF., Fleisig, GS., Zheng, NQ., Lander, JE., Barrentine, SW., Andrews, JR., Bergmann, BW., Moorman, CT 3rd. (2001). Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press. Med Sci Sports Exer. 33 (9):1552-1566.
10. Frohm, A., Halvorsen, K., Thorstensson, A. (2007). Patellar tendon load in different types of eccentric squats. Clin Biomech. 22 (6):704-711.
11. Heintjes, E., Berger, MY., Bierma-Zeinstra, SM., Bernsen, R.M.,Verhaar, JA., Koes, BW.(2003). Exercise therapy for patellofemoralpain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (4): CD003472.
12. Hermens, HJ., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., Disselhorst-Klug, C., H ¨agg, G. In: SENIAM8-European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography. Roessingh Researchand Development, Enschede, 1999.
13. Hertel, J. (2000). Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain. Sport Med. 29 (5): 361-371.
14. Kongsgaard, M., Aagaard, P., Roikjaer, S., Olsen, D., Jensen, M., Langberg, H., Magnusson, SP. (2006). Decline eccentric squats increases patellar tendon loading compared to standard eccentric squats. Clin Biomech. 21 (7): 748-754.
15. Manabe, Y., Shimada, K., Ogata, M. (2007). Effect of slow movement and stretch-shortening cycle on lower extremity muscle activity and joint moments during squat. J Sport Med Phys Fitness. 47(1):1-12.
16. Manabe, Y., Yokozawa, T., Ogata, M. (2004). Effect of movement variation on lower limb muscle activity and joint torque during squat. Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 53 (3):321-336.
17. McCaw, ST., Melrose, DR. (1999). Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the paralle squat. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 31(3): 428-436.
18. Miller, JP., Sedory, D., Croce, RV. (1997). Vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis activity in patients with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Sport Rehabil. 6:1–10.
19. Rao, G., Amarantini, D., Berton, E. (2009). Influence of additional load on the moments of the agonist and antagonist muscle groups at the knee joint during closed chain exercise. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 19: 459-466.
20. Ribeiro, G., Dionísio, VC., Almeida, GL. (2007). Electromyographic activity during one-legged squatting under different foot positions. Rev Bras Fisioter. 13 (1): 36-39.
21. Robertson, DG., Wilson, JM., ST Pierre, TA. (2008). Lower extremity muscle functions during full squats. J Appl Biomech. 24(4):333-339.
22. Steinkamp, LA., Dillingham, MF., Markel, MD., Hill, JR., Kaufman KR. (1993). Biomechanical considerations in patellofemoral joint rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med. 21(3):438-444.
23. van Linschoten, R., van Middelkoop, M., Berger, MY., Heintjes, EM., Koopmanschap, MA., Verhaar, JA., Koes, BW., Bierma-Zeinstra, SM. (2006). The PEX study - Exercise therapy for patellofemoral painsyndrome: design of a randomized clinical trial in general practice andsports medicine [ISRCTN83938749]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 7: 31.
24. Witvrouw, E., Lysens, R., Bellemans, J., Peers, K., Van Derstraeten, G. (a) (2000). Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises for patellofemoralpain. A prospective, randomized study. Am J Sport Med. 28 (5): 687-694.
25. Witvrouw, E., Danneels, L., van Tiggelen, D., Willems, T.M., Cambier,D. (b) (2004). Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises in patellofemoralpain: a 5-year prospective randomized study. Am J Sport Med. 32 (5):1122-1130.
26. Wilk, K., Escamilla, R., Fleisig, G., Barrentine, S., Andrews, J., Boyd, M. (1996). A comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces and electromyographic activity during open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Am J Sports Med. 24 (4): 518-527.
27. Zhang, LQ., Xu, D., Wang, G., Hendrix, RW. (2001). Muscle strength in knee varus and valgus. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33 (7): 1194–1199.
)